Mental Privacy Vulnerability: Brain-computer interfaces can decode sensitive thoughts, emotions, or intentions. If hacked or misused, this creates major privacy breaches and risks of “brainjacking.”

Erosion of Autonomy & Agency: BCIs may misinterpret neural signals or override intent. This blurs the line of control, raising ethical questions about free will, consent, and accountability.

Identity and Self-Concept Changes: Directly altering brain activity can change emotions, memory, or behavior. This may shift a user’s sense of self, raising identity and authenticity concerns.

Psychological Harm from Unrealistic Expectations: Many patients expect BCIs to restore lost functions, but limitations may disappoint. Failed outcomes can cause emotional stress, frustration, or even trauma.

Socioeconomic Inequality and Access Disparities: BCIs are costly, often limited to wealthy groups. Unequal access risks creating “neuro-elites” with unfair advantages in work, learning, or decision-making.

Accountability and Legal Gaps: When a BCI triggers harmful or unintended actions, it is unclear who is responsible—the user, developer, or device. This legal grey zone remains unresolved.

Security Threats & Brain Hacking: BCIs connected to networks may be hacked, letting attackers steal or manipulate brain data. Such breaches pose severe ethical, security, and safety risks.

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